An enzyme that is essential for virus propagation due to its ability to Kinase Inhibitor Library cleave the sialylated virus receptor, thus releasing viral progeny. Zanamivir, a neuraminidase inhibitor, is one of drugs used to treat patients infected with the influenza virus. Wen-Hsien Wen et al. showed that tetrameric zanamivir conjugates based on a porphyrin core structure, despite being less potent in inhibiting neuraminidase, are significantly more potent in inactivating influenza viruses. The authors attribute this effect to the high local concentration of the photosensitizer porphyrin, which generates O2 in a close proximity to the virus surface. The nucleic acids in non-enveloped viruses are enclosed in protective, protein-only capsids. Capsids in non-enveloped viruses have simple symmetric structures and are formed from many identical subunits composed of one or several proteins. The protein-protein interactions among these subunits maintain a tightly packed, stable capsid structure that is able to survive exposure to extreme pH levels, harsh environmental conditions, proteolytic enzymes, or even strong detergents in some cases. VP1 from both polyomaviruses contains a b-sandwich core with several outfacing loops. These interactive loops are exposed on the surface of VP1 pentamers and polyomavirus capsids. Computer analysis revealed the presence of several tyrosine and tryptophan residues as well as one histidine and one methionine residue in the surface loops. Many other sensitive amino acid residues occurring in the VP1 b-sandwich core might be less accessible. The level of accessibility of the amino acid residues that are sensitive to O2 can differ among capsid proteins of nonenveloped viruses, and it will be necessary to test the efficiency of their inactivation individually. Recently, efficient inactivation of the non-enveloped bacteriophage MS-2 by visible light was reported based on using a cationic fullerene derivative with amine functionality as a photosensitizer to produce O2. Based on the computer analysis of capsid subunits from viruses with known tertiary structures, we predict that human papillomaviruses or poliovirus can be efficiently inactivated by O2 produced by the photosensitizer used in this study. Thus, the photosensitizers immobilized on the nanofibers can be highly useful for the development of novel approaches for inactivating both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic chronic autoimmune disease that mainly affects the joints and ultimately leads to severe bone and cartilage destruction. The clinical course of the disease is discontinuous and characterised by spontaneous remissions and exacerbations. The aetiology in RA is largely unknown but for some reason the immune system – which normally protects us against exogenous pathogens – is dysregulated and has lost its normal tolerance to endogenous structures and mediates an inflammatory attack against e.g. the joints. Todays treatment is based on continuous immunosuppression either by conventional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs such as methotrexate and/ or by biological agents targeting specific proteins e.g. TNF. Unfortunately these treatment modalities can cause side effects such as severe infections and, in addition, attempts to withdraw therapies in established RA often leads to flares. To overcome these hurdles, disease-regulated therapy appears ideally suited, as it would allow intrinsic expression of the immunosuppressive therapy only during inflammatory conditions i.e. during disease flares but not during periods of remissions. This approach has been used successfully in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis where, by means of transcriptionally targeted gene therapy, a T cell targeted IL-2 promoter controlling IL-10 production delayed onset and progression of EA.