Specialized adolescent health care clinics providing counseling, testing, and treatment have been developed in countries like South Africa to meet the needs of HIV-positive and at-risk youth. As with almost all assessments of mortality in African cohorts, we found that male gender was independently predictive of mortality. This finding is inconsistent with advocacy for increased attention to female issues and we hope that the medical and advocacy communities can promote an evidence-based strategy to responding to local epidemics. In our experience, and others, male patients are typically late to receive cART,LEE011 have more advanced illness, and have worse clinical outcomes. As with any study of this nature, there were several limitations. Loss to follow-up may have led to a misclassification of mortality as loss to follow up. TASO uses active retention strategies to locate patients who do not attend their scheduled appointments, thus reducing degree of lost to follow-up. We also attempted to overcome the issue of loss to follow-up in the present study with the use of our assumption that 50% of those lost had died 50%. Although it was not possible to include the primary causes of death in this study. It is likely that the primary causes of death for adolescent patients differ than other age groups. It should also be noted that CD4 cell count data at cART initiation, was not complete. The lack of complete CD4 cell counts is a reflection of the diverse settings in which TASO works in Uganda. This problem is also common in other resource- constrained settings. Additionally,LY2109761 routine patient data on HIV viral load or antiretroviral resistance testing is not available in our setting. Therefore, we cannot be sure of the number of treatment failures and determinants. Finally, since this is an observational study, no conclusions about causality can be made. As in all observational cohort studies, unmeasured differences may exist among in the population under study. Strengths of the study include the large sample size and long- term follow-up. The cohort includes patients receiving care throughout Uganda, and thus captures a wide range of differing patient experiences based on regional variation. Furthermore, the use of active retention to reduce loss to follow-up has resulted in higher patient retention rates than similar cohort studies. In conclusion, our study confirms earlier assertions that providing cART to adolescent patients is a complex undertaking. Adolescents have been overlooked in the literature and also in programming. They have unique needs that require tailored services and targeted research. As this population becomes increasingly important in the epidemic, further investigation into the causes of loss to follow up and mortality are needed for this subgroup of patients in order to design and evaluate supportive strategies for this vulnerable population. More than 90% of bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas, and most are papillary, well-, or moderately-differen- tiated non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. After endoscopic resection, cancer recurrence occurs in the majority of patients with NMIBC. Approximately 20% of these patients subsequently experience disease progression to muscle invasive bladder cancer after appropriate treatment, including transurethral resection and intravesical therapy with epirubicin, mitomycin-C, or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Thus, frequent recurrence after TUR and subsequent cancer progression are problematic for patients and urologists alike. Almost 25% of newly diagnosed bladder cancer patients have MIBC, and the vast majority of these cases are of high histological grade. Nearly 50% of patients with MIBC already have occult distant metastases at the time of diagnosis.