Therefore has a better chance of guiding suitable management recommendations. In this paper we used proper diagnosis analysis and a posteriori modeling to deduce the potential causes of weed population fluctuations. Our results strongly suggest the importance of theoretical population dynamics to understand this system. Moreover, the use of this approach can be fundamental to applying weed management practices in agricultural systems. Understanding the interactions between endogenous and exogenous Etidronate factors in shaping the dynamics of weed populations may have important implications for management of weed and invasive plants, Aristolochic-acid-A climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation in agro-ecosystems. Notably, hMutSa not only recognizes a nucleotide mispair, but can also recognize altered nucleotides that are intercalated or formed with chemotherapy, such as the adduct O6-methylguainine, and intrastrand crosslinking induced by cisplatin. We and others have further demonstrated that 5FU incorporated into DNA is recognized by hMutSa. Systemic 5-FU therapy leads to incorporation into all forms of RNA, but by its action upon thymidylate synthetase, 5-FU after conversion to a deoxyribonucleic acid serves as a substrate for DNA synthesis with cell depletion of TTPs. It has been estimated that as much as 10% of cellular 5-FU is incorporated into DNA where MMR can recognize, bind, and signal cell death. Isolation of 5-FU in DNA specifically triggered a DNA MMRdependent cell death. In the absence of DNA MMR, these events do not occur, and account for the cell resistance and lack of survival improvement for patients with MMR-deficient tumors. Because of some indications in the literature regarding hMSH3, a component of hMutS?, in participating in the repair of psoralen and platinum compounds, we wondered if hMutS? could recognize 5-FU. Given that 5-FU incorporated into DNA would best simulate a single mispair, we initially predicted that hMutS? would not bind or recognize 5-FU, unlike hMutSa. The presence of hMSH3, the DNA recognition component of hMutS?, is the likely molecule that prevents the occurrence of elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide repeats in colorectal cancers, as reduced expression of hMSH3 has been detected among these tumors. EMAST is associated with CRC progression, advanced staged tumors, poor prognosis, and African American race. hMutS? has not been previously assessed for recognition of 5-FU incorporated into DNA. Here, we purified the hMutS? complex as a heterodimers of hMSH3 and hMSH2 and examined its binding ability for 5-FU that is incorporated into DNA.