Compounds can influence Col1a1 expression, and the resulting data will certainly provide more insights into the nature of the collagen produced. In conclusion, our data have demonstrated for the first time that bovine CP compounds not only increased osteoblast proliferation, but also appeared to have positive roles in osteoblast differentiation and mineralized bone matrix formation. From this point of view, we have probably provided a reasonable basis for the potential utility of bovine CP compounds in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. In a follow-up study, we will continue to study the mechanism underlying osteoporosis prevention and treatment by bovine CP compounds in ovariectomized rats. Nasal septal deviation, a convexity of the septum from the midline, is the most common deformity of the nose. NSD towards one side is often associated with an overgrowth of the inferior turbinate, which occupies the expansive space of the contralateral nasal cavity. It has been assumed that this counterbalanced mechanism, characterized by compensatory mucosal hypertrophy, serves to protect the more patent nasal side from excess airflow, which causes drying and crusting. However, recent Procyanidin-B1 radiological and histopathological studies have indicated that turbinate bone hypertrophy is primarily responsible for inferior turbinate hypertrophyin patients with NSD and that mucosal hypertrophy is less important. Mesenchymal stem cellsare a heterogeneous population of stem/progenitor cells with pluripotent capacity to differentiate into mesodermal and non-mesodermal cell lineages, including osteocytes, adipocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, epithelial cells, and neurons. MSCs reside primarily in the bone marrow, but also exist in other sites such as adipose tissue, peripheral blood, cord blood, turbinate tissues, and maxillary sinus mucosa. In addition, we identified MSCs isolated from human inferior turbinate tissuein a previous study. Considering that the ITH with NSD Simetryn showed significant bone growth rather than mucosal hypertrophy, it is possible that a patient’s inferior turbinates could be raised unequally, leading to continuous pressure on the nasal septum and causing NSD to the contralateral cavity. Also, if two inferior turbinates contain an unequal number of MSCs, or the hTMSCs undergo proliferation or osteogenesis, the two turbinates may develop asymmetrically. We hypothesized that cell counts or proliferation potential would be higher in hTMSCs isolated from the hypertrophic turbinate than the contralateral turbinate and the existence of a turbinate-size-related increase in the osteogenic potential of hTMSCs. In this study, we aimed to validate the hypothesis that turbinate size affects hTMSC count, proliferation, and differentiation into osteogenic cell lines. NSD, or a convexity of the septum from the midline, has an overall prevalence of 22.38% in Koreans; males tend to be overrepresented as are those of increased age. NSD constitutes one of several causes of nasal obstruction or mouth breathing, prompting many patients to visit otolaryngology departments. Although the development of NSD is assumed to be determined by genetic, cultural and environmental factors, the etiology behind the condition is not yet understood. The turbinates exist as three, and sometimes four, bilateral extensions from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Of the three turbinates, the inferior turbinate is most susceptible to hypertrophy.