Indicating that Necl-4 does not play an essential role for developmental myelination in the PNS as well. Expression analyses did not support the idea of functional compensation by other Necl proteins, because Necl-4 is the only Necl protein whose expression is upregulated in myelinating oligodendrocytes, and disruption of Necl4 did not significantly change the expression level of other Necl proteins in the CNS and the PNS. One plausible explanation for the discrepancy between in vitro experiments and in vivo observations is that the initiation of axonal myelination may also involve interactions between other cell adhesion molecules such as laminins and integrins and this interaction might be disrupted in dissociate culture and therefore can not compensate for the loss of Necl-1/Necl-4 interaction. Further studies with compound mutants of Necl-4 and other adhesion proteins could delineate the role of various cell adhesion molecules in myelination in the developing nervous system. The threat of an influenza virus pandemic is increasing worldwide, highlighting the need for a diagnostic test kit that can identify the viral strain and its drug resistance. Current methods for identifying influenza virus strains are mainly based on real-time polymerase chain reaction technology or immune-chromatography. RT-PCR technology is highly sensitive and provides genome sequence information, but requires costly instruments. In contrast, immune-chromatography allows rapid visualization of the target virus without the use of instruments, but shows cross reactivity and provides no genomic inAbMole Niflumic acid formation such as human pathogenicity or drug resistance. Thus, molecular tools that selectively recognize and visualize virus genomes without the need for instruments would enable rapid onsite identification of virus pathogens and their drug resistance. Peptide nucleic acids are DNA/RNA analogues in which the phosphate backbone has been replaced by a neutral amide backbone composed of N-glycine linkages. The advantages of PNAs for molecular recognition are their high binding affinity, good mismatch discrimination, nuclease and protease resistance, and low affinity for proteins. These attributes make PNAs particularly useful for detecting viral mRNA in cells. BisPNA-AEEA is composed of two homopyrimidine PNA strands connected via a linker molecule, 2-aminoethoxy-2ethoxy acetic acid. BisPNA-AEEA can invade duplex DNA and form a stable PNA/DNA/PNA triplex with the complementary homopurine strand via Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen base pairing. Modification of cationic peptides on bisPNA further enhanced the triplex formation efficiency of bis-PNA to not only homopurine, but also purine-pyrimidine mixed sequences within duplex DNA. In this study, we prepared a newly synthesized bisPNA-AZO which contains an azobenzene amino acid linker instead of the AEEA linker of bisPNA-AEEA. Liang et al. reported that an oligonucleotide tethered to a trans-azobenzene intercalates between base pairs and stabilizes the duplex by stacking interactions.