Of interest, it has been shown that the expression of a nucleolin-related protein was moderately up-regulated following phagocytosis of Mycobaterium paratuberculosis, suggesting that nucleolin could be involved in phagocytosis. One remarkable characteristic of nucleolin is that it shuttles constantly between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and additionally serves in some cell types as a cell surface receptor. Nucleolin has been also described to be present in the LY2157299 TGF-beta inhibitor endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, nucleolin could play a role in the dynamic network of membrane compartments. In conclusion, we had previously demonstrated that nucleolin, when localized on the cell surface of human monocytes, factor Tu of LVS. We herein confirm the importance of nucleolin expression for LVS binding and its specificity as nucleolin is not involved in binding of another intracellular pathogen as L. monocytogenes or an inert particle. We also demonstrate that association of nucleolin with F. tularensis during infection continues intracellularly after endocytosis of the bacteria. The co-localization of nucleolin, with bacteria and LAMP-1, in the phagosomes suggests that nucleolin shuttles with F. tularensis during the early stages of infection. The dissociation of nucleolin from LVS seems to parallel bacterial release from the phagosomes, as iglC bacteria and inert particles remain associated with nucleolin. Recent studies have identified some mammalian host factors required for modulation of phagosome biogenesis and intracellular proliferation of F. tularensis within the cytosol. It remains to be seen whether nucleolin plays an active role at the latter stages of F. tularensis infection. Emerging data on the clinical course of severe H1N1pdm infection have allowed the identification of high-risk groups, which include pregnant women and patients with morbid obesity. However, an analysis of the impact of this novel virus in a highly susceptible population, such as cancer patients, through clinical and virological perspectives, needs to be highlighted. The atypical clinical presentation of influenza infections in cancer patients, which delays clinical suspicion, antiviral treatment and adequate prevention of viral transmission, is a major challenge for clinical management in this population. Cancer patients are more likely to suffer from severe seasonal influenza infections and prolonged viral shedding, as has been reported for an H3N2 seasonal virus. Prolonged shedding and the development of oseltamivir resistance in cancer patients infected with the H1N1pdm virus have not been thoroughly evaluated. Data on these aspects could have major implications for the clinical management and infection control practices for H1N1pdm-infected cancer patients.