Klebsiella pneumoniae is a very promising microorganism for 2,3-BDO production. However, as shown in previous studies, the conversion ratio of glucose into 2,3-BDO varies with pH and temperature. The pathway for 2,3-BDO synthesis competes with the pathway for organic acid production. As 2,3-BDO production increases at low pH, it prevents acidification of the medium. In addition, previous studies have confirmed that the enzyme activity of genes related to 2,3-BDO production is elevated at 37uC. However, even under optimized conditions for culture growth, the 2,3-BDO conversion ratio still cannot reach the optimal theoretical yield. The ratio of carbon conversion into the target product is a very important factor in cell metabolic engineering. To increase the 2,3-BDO production ratio, genetic engineering for the redistribution of carbon flux toward 2,3-BDO synthesis is necessary. Recently, many investigators have attempted to increase 2,3-BDO production of various microorganisms using various methods such as metabolic engineering and medium optimization. The carbon flux distribution of the three strains was compared by culturing the microorganisms under identical fermentation conditions. To observe the genetic changes due to the carbon flux distribution, genes closely related to 2,3-BDO biosynthesis were analyzed at the gene transcription level. The parasite Schistosoma mansoni causes the neglected tropical disease human intestinal schistosomiasis, and has a complex life cycle that involves a freshwater snail intermediate host, a human definitive host, and free-living motile stages that enable movement between hosts. Biomphalaria glabrata is the main intermediate host for S. mansoni in South America and like other snails it possesses a potent internal defence system enabling protection against pathogens, which however the parasite is able to overcome in a compatible snail host. Haemocytes, macrophagelike defence cells, are the main effectors of the internal defence response in snails and are capable of performing multiple defence reactions including phagocytosis, encapsulation, and nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production. Over the last two decades, the B. glabrata-S. mansoni model has proved invaluable for studying snail-schistosome interactions and coevolution, particularly because of its biomedical significance and because snail strains are available that are resistant or susceptible to S. mansoni infection. When a S. mansoni egg hatches upon contact with freshwater, the free-living miracidium emerges and swims in search of a compatible host snail, which it will penetrate. The parasite then rapidly transforms into a post-miracidium losing its ciliated plates, and MDV3100 develops into the asexually-reproducing mother sporocyst that produces daughter sporocysts, which in turn produce humaninfective cercariae.