As an alternative, cell lines can be used as models to study the transition to metastatic castration-resistant PCa. One of the best studied PCa cell lines undoubtedly is the LNCaP cell line. This cell line was derived from a needle biopsy taken from the left supraclavicular lymph node of a 50-year old Caucasian male. This patient suffered from a rapidly progressing PCa with minimal and brief response to hormonal therapy and no response to chemotherapy. Subsequently, the C4-2 subline was derived from a tumor that developed in castrated nude mice injected with LNCaP cells. Finally, the C4-2B cell line was derived from a bone metastasis after orthotopic PF-04217903 transplantation of C4-2 cells in nude mice. In other words, C4-2B is a metastatic derivative of the LNCaP cells. The LNCaP and C4-2B progression model therefore mimics the disease advancing from poorly tumorigenic, androgensensitive and non-metastatic in LNCaP, to metastatic and androgen-insensitive in C4-2B. For these two cell lines, changes in karyotype and genomic copy numbers, some point mutations, insertions and deletions have been described, but the comparison of the exome sequences have not been reported yet. The first goal of this study was therefore to obtain comprehensive exome data for LNCaP and C4-2B cells. Of course, a comparison of these mutational landscapes only makes sense in the presence of information on the activity of the affected genes. The latter was obtained from transcriptome analyses. A first step to catalogue point mutations, insertions and deletions in the LNCaP cells was reported in Spans et al.. It has been shown that HER2-signalling in breast cancer enhances the expression of CXCR4, which is required for HER2-mediated invasion. Consequently, we have identified for the first time some of the nutrients not readily accessible to the pathogen during infection. The hemi-biotrophic rice blast fungus M. oryzae has global regulatory systems which allow genetic responses to available carbon and nitrogen sources in the host, but what those sources are is largely unknown. Genetic evidence and genome-wide transcriptional studies, suggest early infection might occur under nitrogen starvation conditions, but the content and abundance of nitrogenous compounds encountered during biotrophy is understudied. The goal of this work was to understand what genetic approaches could be developed to determine the available or accessible nutrient content of host plants during infection. We reasoned that biochemical mutants, Axitinib requiring nutrient supplementation for growth on plates, would only establish infection in plants if they received the same nutrient from the host. Conversely, biochemical mutants that could not access the required nutrients in the host would enter the plant but fail to establish disease. Investigators have therefore investigated the impact of infection of neonatal mice with the paramyxoviruses RSV and pneumonia virus of mice on subsequent development of an asthma-like phenotype. Likewise, other studies have examined the effects of RSV infection during OVA challenge on asthma induction in mice.