Insulin (Human, AbMole, M9194) is a protein hormone synthesized and secreted by pancreatic β-cells, playing a central role in metabolic regulation. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a transmembrane receptor with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. This binding induces receptor conformational changes and autophosphorylation of the receptor’s β-subunit, activating downstream signaling cascades, primarily the PI3K/Akt and Ras/MAPK pathways. The PI3K/Akt pathway mediates insulin’s metabolic effects, promoting GLUT4 translocation to the cell membrane to enhance glucose uptake and utilization. It also regulates key enzymes and transcription factors to promote glycogen, lipid, and protein synthesis while inhibiting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. The Ras/MAPK pathway is primarily associated with insulin-mediated cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation ^[1].

AbMole provides global researchers with high-purity, high-bioactivity inhibitors, cytokines, human monoclonal antibodies, natural products, fluorescent dyes, peptides, compound libraries, antibiotics, and other research reagents, widely cited in numerous publications and patents worldwide.

Insulin (Cattle, AbMole, M9164) is widely used in research. For example, prolonged exposure of adipocytes to 150 nM insulin establishes an in vitro insulin resistance model^[2]. Insulin is also used for cell differentiation induction: a differentiation medium containing 10 μg/ml insulin, 1 μM dexamethasone, 0.5 mM IBMX, and 5 μM rosiglitazone induces preadipocyte differentiation into mature adipocytes^[3]. In neuroscience, insulin crosses the blood-brain barrier and influences CNS functions such as appetite, energy balance, and cognition. Intracerebroventricular insulin administration significantly reduces food intake in animal models^[4]. Insulin (Pig, AbMole, M9336) also suppresses microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and protects neurons from stress-induced damage^[5]. Insulin signaling modulates mitochondrial function and dopaminergic neuron survival in Parkinson’s disease models ^[6]. In 2014, two inhibitors from AbMole were used in in vivo studies by the Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC) and Columbia University, leading to publications in Nature and Nature Medicine.

Insulin signaling pathways^[7]

Case Study

Sci Adv. 2025 Jul 25;11(30):eadi2370.  

Researchers from Sun Yat-sen University developed a method to generate functional mammary-like cells (MCs) and mammary organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This model recapitulates mammary gland development and enables study of breast cancer mechanisms. The study identified S100P as a key gene in breast tumorigenesis. AbMole insulin (Human, M9194) was used as a critical medium component to maintain cell survival, proliferation, and function, and at 10 μg/ml to induce iPSC-MCs to form mammary organoids ^[8].

Figure 3. Clinical analysis reveals an association of S100P and BRCA1 in tumorigenesis ^[8].

References and Acknowledgments

[1] Max C. Petersen, Gerald I. Shulman, Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance, 98(4) (2018) 2133-2223.

[2] A. Rossi, M. Eid, J. Dodgson, et al., In vitro characterization of the effects of chronic insulin stimulation in mouse 3T3-L1 and human SGBS adipocytes, Adipocyte 9(1) (2020) 415-426.

[3] Ji-Huan Qin, Jun-Zeng Ma, Xing-Wei Yang, et al., A Triterpenoid Inhibited Hormone-Induced Adipocyte Differentiation and Alleviated Dexamethasone-Induced Insulin Resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, Natural Products and Bioprospecting 5(3) (2015) 159-166.

[4] M. Dahiya, M. Yadav, C. Goyal, et al., Insulin resistance in Alzheimer’s disease: signalling mechanisms and therapeutics strategies, Inflammopharmacology 33(4) (2025) 1817-1831.

[5] C. C. Huang, S. F. Tsai, S. C. Liu, et al., Insulin Mediates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses and Oxidative Stress in BV2 Microglia, Journal of inflammation research 17 (2024) 7993-8008.

[6] S. K. Bhattamisra, L. Y. Shin, Hibm Saad, et al., Interlink Between Insulin Resistance and Neurodegeneration with an Update on Current Therapeutic Approaches, CNS & neurological disorders drug targets 19(3) (2020) 174-183.

[7] Max C Petersen, Gerald I %J Physiological reviews Shulman, Mechanisms of insulin action and insulin resistance,  (2018).

[8] J. Liu, C. Zhao, J. Chen, et al., Human iPSC-based breast cancer model identifies S100P-dependent cancer stemness induced by BRCA1 mutation, Science advances 11(30) (2025) eadi2370.

1. Mechanism of Action of DNP-BSA

DNP-BSA (2,4-dinitrophenyl-conjugated bovine serum albumin) is a classic hapten-carrier protein complex. As a small-molecule hapten, DNP (2,4-dinitrophenyl) alone cannot induce an immune response. However, when conjugated to the large carrier protein bovine serum albumin (BSA), it becomes a complete immunogen capable of efficiently activating the immune system and inducing the production of DNP-specific antibodies. AbMole’s DNP-BSA (2,4-Dinitrophenyl-Bovine Serum Albumin, M58157) serves as an important immunological tool with broad applications.

AbMole provides global researchers with high-purity, high-bioactivity inhibitors, cytokines, human monoclonal antibodies, natural products, fluorescent dyes, peptides, compound libraries, antibiotics, and other research reagents, widely cited in numerous publications and patents worldwide. 

1. DNP-BSA in Immunoassays and Immunochromatography

Immunochromatography is a membrane-based detection method that relies on specific antigen-antibody interactions. It utilizes a nitrocellulose membrane as the solid phase, on which a test line (coated with antibody or antigen) is immobilized. The sample solution serves as the mobile phase, while fluorophore- or colloidal gold-labeled antibodies or antigens are immobilized on a glass fiber conjugate pad. Driven by capillary action, the analyte migrates along the test strip. Under the influence of the mobile phase, the analyte first binds to the labeled antibody or antigen and then, upon reaching the test line, binds to the immobilized antibody or antigen, forming a fluorescent or colloidal gold band for detection purposes. However, during production, storage, and transportation, issues may arise with existing immunochromatographic test strips, potentially leading to false-negative results. To avoid false negatives, a control line (C line) is typically included on the nitrocellulose membrane. Common control line systems include the goat anti-mouse polyclonal antibody system and the chicken IgY/goat anti-chicken IgY system. In recent years, DNP-BSA has emerged as a novel control line system of interest. Since 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) is a small-molecule compound not found in plants or animals, the DNP-BSA system utilizes anti-DNP antibodies and DNP-BSA to construct the control line, demonstrating excellent stability and low interference. DNP-BSA (2,4-dinitrophenyl-conjugated bovine serum albumin, M58157, AbMole) is suitable for both colloidal gold-based and immunofluorescence-based immunochromatographic detection and is currently an important control system in many immunochromatographic products (e.g., antigen detection, virus detection).

In 2014, two AbMole inhibitors were used in in vivo studies by the Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC) and Columbia University, leading to publications in Nature and Nature Medicine.

Figure 1. General schematic diagram of immunochromatography.